Hans van Ess analyzed the Shiji and Hanshu biographies of 2nd-century BCE individuals described as "Huang-Lao" followers, and found they were either members of a Huang–Lao faction or a Ru "Confucian" and Fa "Legalist" faction. Sima Tan (at least possibly) studied under a Huang–Lao master with a philosophical lineage dating back to the Warring States period Jixia Academy at the court of Qi (modern Shandong). The term Huang-Lao first appears in the (109 – 91 BCE) Records of the Grand Historian, which was begun by Sima Tan and completed by his son Sima Qian. 'Yellow Old Lord') was a deification of Laozi as a reincarnated personification of the Dao. The related Daoist name Huanglao jun ( simplified Chinese: 黄老君 traditional Chinese: 黃老君 pinyin: Huánglǎojūn Wade–Giles: Huang-Lao-Chun lit. Huang-Lao is a portmanteau word, with Huang referring to the Yellow Emperor ( 黃帝 Huangdi) and Lao to Laozi ( 老子 "Old Master"). Terminology Huanglao jun, Daoist deification of Laozi Highly favoured by superstitious rulers, it dominated the intellectual life of the Qin and early Han together with " Chinese Legalism", and the term Taoism (dao-jia) was probably coined with Huang–Lao and Zhuangzi content in mind. Probably originating together around 300 BCE, the more politically dominant Huang–Lao denoted both for much of the Han. Įmphasizing the search for immortality, Feng Youlan and Herrlee Creel considered said religious Taoism to be different from if not contradictory to the more philosophical strain of Taoism found in the Zhuangzi. Not systematically explained by historiographer Sima Qian, it is generally interpreted as a school of syncretism, developing into a major religion, the beginnings of religious Taoism. 'Yellow Old ') was the most influential Chinese school of thought in the early 2nd-century BCE Han dynasty, having its origins in a broader political-philosophical drive looking for solutions to strengthen the feudal order as depicted in Zhou politics. Huang–Lao or Huanglao ( simplified Chinese: 黄老 traditional Chinese: 黃老 pinyin: Huáng-Lǎo Wade–Giles: Huang-Lao lit. Influential Chinese school of thought in the early 2nd-century BCE Han dynasty
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